About Earth Sciences

The Division of Earth Sciences supports proposals for research geared toward improving the understanding of the structure, composition, and evolution of the Earth, the life it supports, and the processes that govern the formation and behavior of the Earth's materials. The results of this research will create a better understanding of the Earth's changing environments, and the natural distribution of its mineral, water, Biota, and energy resources and provide methods for predicting and mitigating the effects of geologic hazards such as Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Floods, Landslides, etc.

Earth Science is the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, and four and a half billion years of Biotic evolution. Understanding these phenomena is essential to maintenance of life on the planet. The expanding world population demands more resources; faces increasing losses from natural hazards; and releases more pollutants to the air, water, and land. Sustaining our existence requires scientific understanding of the natural materials and processes linking the Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere. Life prospers or fails at the surface of the Earth where these environments intersect.

The knowledge gained and the services provided by earth scientists help society cope with its environment in many ways. Their knowledge about the structure, stratigraphy, and chemical composition of the Earth's crust helps us locate resources that sustain and advance our quality of life. Understanding the forces in the crust, and the natural processes on the surface allows us to anticipate natural disasters such as volcanoes and Earthquakes, and Geologic Environments, such as damaging mining practices or improper waste disposal, gives us information to correct such practices and design more benign procedures for the future. Finally, a comprehensive perception of planetary physics will allow us to anticipate major changes in global environmental conditions and control or acclimate to those changes.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) organizational taxonomy defines Earth Science as including the fields of "Solid-Earth" Science (Geology, Geochemistry, and Geophysics (plus Continental Hydrology.)) It excludes the "Fluid-Earth" Sciences of Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, which have their own respective divisions in the organization, and are covered in other reports in this series.

The term "Geosciences" is similarly used to represent only the "Solid-Earth" Sciences or solid and fluid sciences depending on the context, so care must be always exercised when interpreting data regarding the Earth Science fields from various sources.

In general use, the term "Earth Science" often includes the study of the Earth's Atmosphere (Meteorology or Atmospheric Science), the water flowing on and beneath the surface of continents (hydrology), and the Earth's seas and oceans (Oceanography or Ocean Sciences).

Earth Science is the study of the Earth's structure, processes, composition, and evolution, including its air, water, ice, rocks, minerals, and life forms. It's also known as Geoscience.

Furthermore, Earth Science is the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, and four and a half billion years of Biotic Evolution. Understanding these phenomena is essential to maintenance of life on the planet.

Earth Science Research aims to:

1. Understand the Earth's composition, structure, and evolution
2. Understand the life that the Earth supports
3. Understand the processes that govern the Earth's materials

Earth Science research can help society in many ways, including:

1. Locating Resources
2. Anticipating Natural Disasters
3. Correcting Damaging Practices
4. Designing more Benign Procedures
5. Anticipating Major Changes in Global Environmental Conditions

Earth Science includes the Geologic, Hydrologic, and Atmospheric Sciences. Earth Scientists use observations, theoretical and numerical modeling, and laboratory and field research to understand the Earth's systems.